Masked Yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis

Skulking warbler of grassy areas such as overgrown fields and marshes. Male has a striking black bandit mask, and his gray crown helps to separate him from other yellowthroats in range. Female is plain and confusing; she is yellower on the belly than female Common Yellowthroat, and tends to have darker upperparts than Olive-crowned Yellowthroat. Female also similar to female Yellow Warbler, but has a thicker bill and darker back. Song is a rather variable series of sweet whistles; also give a short, descending churr. Pairs usually stay hidden in dense vegetation. Males occasionally come up to sing or call from a more exposed perch. Note its range; after a taxonomical update, this species ranges only in northern South America.